MILESTONE PAPERS PROJECT
Specific Milestone Subfields and Directors

1. Artificial Kidney
1) Development of the artificial kidney - Carl Kjellstrand
2) Treatment of renal failure with emphasis on artificial organs - Eli Friedman
3) The role of industry in development and use of the artificial kidney - Lee Henderson - declined

2. Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Cardiac Surgery
1) Development of cardiopulmonary bypass - Len Golding *semi-complete
2) The use of cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery - John Kirklin
3) The role of industry in the development of cardiopulmonary bypass - Richard Sarns

3. Cardiac Valves and Intracardiac Prosthesis
1) Development of artificial heart valves - Al Starr *complete
2) Implanted prosthetics in cardiac surgery - Walter Dembitsky
3) The role of industry in the development of cardiac valves and prosthetics TBA

4. Vascular Grafts
1) Development of prosthetic vascular grafts - James DeWeese
2) The history of vascular history related to vascular prostheses - Wiley Barker *complete
3) The role of industry in the development of vascular grafts TBA

5. Cardiac Assist Devices
1) Development of cardiac assist devices - Adrian Kantrowitz / Wayne Richenbacher *complete
2) Treatment of cardiac failure with prosthetic devices - Bill Pierce
3) The role of industry in the development of cardiac assist devices Butler

6. Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators
1) Development of implantable electrical devices - Seymour Furman *complete
2) Use of electrical devices in cardiology TBA
3) The role of industry in implantable electrical devices - William Murphy

7. Mechanical Ventilators
1) Development of mechanical ventilators - Phil Drinker *complete
2) Treatment of respiratory failure with mechanical ventilators - Alan Morris
3) The role of industry in the development of mechanical ventilators TBA

8. Artificial Lungs
1) Development of artificial lungs - Ted Kolobow *complete
2) Treatment of respiratory failure with artificial lungs - Joseph Zwischenberg *semi-complete
3) The role of industry in the development of artificial lungs TBA

9. Parenteral Nutrition/Artificial Gut
1) Development of parenteral nutrition - Stanley Dudrick
2) The treatment of nutritional failure by parenteral nutrition - Joseph Fischer
3) The role of industry in the development of parenteral nutrition TBA

10. Artificial Liver
1) Development of the artificial liver - Achilles Demetriou
2) The treatment of liver failure using mechanical devices - Steven Ash
3) The role of industry in the development of the artificial liver TBA

11. Artificial Endocrine Organs
1) Development of artificial endocrine organs - Clark Colton
2) The treatment of endocrine and metabolic diseases using prosthetic endocrine organs - Henry Buchwald *complete
3) The role of industry in the development of artificial endocrine organs Mann

12. Artificial Joints
1) Development of artificial joints TBA
2) The treatment of joint disease using mechanical prosthesis TBA
3) The role of industry in the development of artificial joints TBA

13. Artificial Sight and Hearing
1) Development of artificial sensory organs - William Dobelle
2) The treatment of sensory loss using artificial organs TBA
3) The role of industry in the development of artificial sensory organs TBA

14. Biomaterials
1) Development of biomaterials for artificial organs - Ed Leonard
2) The use of biomaterials in clinical practice - Peer Portner
3) The role of industry in the development of biomaterials for artificial organs TBA

15. Non-thrombogenic Surfaces
1) Development of non-thrombogenic surfaces for artificial organs - Eberhart
2) Non-thrombogenic surfaces in clinical practice - Vince Gott
3) The role of industry in the development of non-thrombogenic surfaces - Lichen Hsu *complete