Browsing by Author "Andrea, Kevin Michael"
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Publication Resilient Hierarchical Routing for Wireless Networks(2023) Andrea, Kevin Michael; Simon, RobertMy research involves performance engineering techniques for increasing network availability and resiliency in the presence of mobility for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) with limited energy resources. Application areas of such WSN deployments range from Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) to public services, such as monitoring environmental conditions across large public works projects. Application areas that involve uncoordinated collection by mobile agents lead to a perturbation of the network to support the emergent, and changing, routing tree rooted at the mobile sink. These applications are not well supported by the standard routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). In light of issues with reliability within RPL under mobility, I developed the Hierarchical network of Observable devices with Itinerant Sinks Transporting data (HOIST) to address this problem using a hierarchical framework. In HOIST, sinks utilize mobility to bridge multiple, geographically segregated fields, while enabling data observers to perform simultaneous real-time assessments of network resources. My approach increased the scalability of individual deployment areas while insulating the collecting devices from routing changes due to sink mobility. While effective at increasing the scale of deployments and the geographic reach of collection centers, the unpredictable movement of mobile collectors led to a decrease in network throughput in the devices on the same DAG as the mobile sink. To account for changes in environmental noise and for network congestion, I further developed the Reliable network of Observable devices with Itinerant Sinks Transporting Data (ROIST) protocol architecture as a reliability-focused extension of the HOIST protocol architecture. ROIST addresses these factors by leveraging the end-to-end, bi-directional communications of HOIST and incorporating flow-control with autonomic adjustments to independently account for congestion and noise, leading to a much higher success ratio across network transmissions. While HOIST and ROIST address the challenges of reliability, another outstanding problem exists with regards to the protection of these resource-constrained devices themselves. One of the most critical attack vectors against such WSN devices is one that targets their energy conservation. A representative device on a pair of AA batteries might otherwise last for years with proper radio duty cycling, but may be drained in a matter of hours under a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack against the network. Even with the protections of security under RPL, one class of traffic, multicast, permeates the protections to be routed through, causing radios across the network to activate as each router forwards the traffic to the far corners of the network. To protect against this, I developed the Secure, Agile RPL multiCAST (SARCAST) system, using an adaptive Moving Target Defensive (MTD) approach to protect this multicast control traffic and, therefore, protect the sanctity of the energy reserves across a HOIST network by preventing malicious multicast control traffic from spreading. My research contributes to the field by extending the scalability and resilience of RPL, by facilitating end-to-end, bi-directional communications to RPL, by insulating WSN devices from routing changes induced by the presence of a mobile sink, by autonomically adjusting for the conditions of the network through flow-control extensions, and by providing security to multicast control traffic to protect such resource-constrained devices from energy-draining attacks.