The Effects of Excess Zinc and Copper on Anxiety and Depression in a Rat Model
Date
2012-07-17
Authors
Beech, Erin H.
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Abstract
Zinc deficiency is associated with both anxiety and depression in animal models. Zinc supplementation reduces depression-like behaviors in the forced swim test and increases grooming behavior and line crossing in the open field test. Zinc is a toxin, however, and excess zinc has been associated with increased anxiety-like behaviors, including a reduced ability to extinguish fear and greater thigmotaxicity in the Morris water maze. The addition of copper was reported to remediate the negative effects of zinc supplementation in this case. Many of the studies reporting the anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects of zinc supplementation employed a single, acute zinc dose, or treatment over a short period of time. This study employed a chronic, pre- and post-natal zinc supplementation paradigm to determine if there would be a difference between zinc, zinc plus copper, or lab water fed rats, on behavioral measures of anxiety and depression in rats. It was hypothesized that the zinc-supplemented rats would display a higher amount of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors than controls, and that the zinc + plus copper animals would show fewer anxiety- and depression-like behaviors than the zinc-supplemented rats, similar to controls. However, the results showed that there was no difference in depression-like behaviors between the groups on the forced swim test. There was also no difference in anxiety-like behaviors between the groups on the elevated plus maze or on day one of the open field test. On day two of the open field test, there was a significant interaction between water group and time. The zinc rats spent more time in the center at the end of the trial than at the beginning, while the zinc + copper animals and the lab animals spent less time in the center at the end of the trial than at the beginning. The multiple, conflicting results in this field of research may be due to the complex mechanisms behind the relationship between zinc homeostasis and affective disorders, but are more likely due to differences in methodology and high variability. Although zinc supplementation seems to be a promising treatment, it should seek to restore zinc homeostasis without leading to a state of excess zinc.
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Keywords
Zinc, Anxiety, Depression, Openfield, Elevated plus maze, Forced swim test